Act interventions pdf

Watching a loved one navigate addiction can be incredibly difficult. Often, we want to reach out to friends or family members living with addictions or substance use disorders, but knowing how to do so in a respectful, truly helpful way can...

ACT interventions have been associated with improvements in mental health, medical, and behavioral outcomes, and overall functioning and quality of life (e.g., [79, 80]). Future research should assess the cost-effectiveness of such integrated approaches, which are anticipated to promote improved symptomatic and functional outcomes among …The following is a PDF version of a blog originally published by my work, Pathways Consulting in Kenosha, Wi. It’s an easy to read primer on Acceptance & Commitment Therapy, and contains a helpful metaphor for explaining psychological flexibility processes. ACT interventions, it was predicted that the interventions would produce reduced stress and increases in psychological flexibility on daily ecological-sampling-style measures of both and validated questionnaires measuring stress [35,37,46,50]. It was predicted that the interventions would also lead to reductions in depression. 2. Materials …Keywords: ACT, Indonesia, Quality of Life, Social Media Addiction, University Students. 1. INTRODUCTION. In 2011, research showed that adolescents and college ...Jul 22, 2020 · ACT provides language and experiential exercises to help teens learn how to access their thoughts and feelings, accept them, and move on. In summary, ACT for teens can help them reframe negativity, develop long-term coping skills, and be more fully present in their relationships and their lives. Sources:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is the first line of treatment for BDD. This type of treatment typically involves a technique known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). In BDD, exposure aims to decrease mirror checking, camouflaging, and other compulsive behaviors. It is also intended to prevent behaviors such as avoiding social ... It is most common for online ACT interventions to have 7 or 8 modules, and this number seems appropriate to allow the patient to go through all aspects of ACT. Interventions are mostly provided in a fixed-format using the underlying psychological flexibility model, including its therapeutic processes.Stage I: Psychosocial and Lethality Assessment The crisis worker must conduct a swift but thorough biopsychosocial assessment. At a minimum, this assessment should cover the client's environmental supports and stressors, medical needs and medications, current use of drugs and alcohol, and internal and external coping methods and resources (Eaton & Ertl, 2000). Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is the first line of treatment for BDD. This type of treatment typically involves a technique known as exposure and response prevention (ERP). In BDD, exposure aims to decrease mirror checking, camouflaging, and other compulsive behaviors. It is also intended to prevent behaviors such as avoiding social ...In today’s digital age, ebooks have become increasingly popular as a convenient way to access and read books. With the rise of digital libraries and online platforms, finding and downloading free PDF ebooks has become easier than ever.20-minute long ACT acceptance, defusion and values intervention using the Card Exercise (Hayes et al., 1999, p. 162) and Swamp Metaphor (Hayes et al., 1999, p. 247-248) as compared to a cognitive ...The ACT intervention consisted of three, two -hour group sessions scheduled during a single week. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated that the ACT intervention resulted in smaller immediate gains in shame, but larger reductions at four month follow up. Those attending the ACT group also evidenced This review focuses on online ACT interventions as it allows us to evaluate the content and design features of the online ACT interventions for chronic pain patients.

describe several randomized controlled interventions that have tested predictions from this model. Finally, we examine the relation between happiness, positive emotions, and resilience, and consider what can be learned from happiness interventions to inform efforts to increase resilience. Before continuing, the issue of terminology must be ...The Hexaflex Model and Principles Explained. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a third-wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) that can be a breath of fresh air for coaches and therapists. Third-wave CBT therapies incorporate mindfulness as their distinguishing factor. ACT is a therapy modality that allows therapists to include the ...This core principle underlies acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). ACT views "negative" emotions and experiences as part of life. Trying to avoid them can lead to unhelpful or unproductive ...It is most common for online ACT interventions to have 7 or 8 modules, and this number seems appropriate to allow the patient to go through all aspects of ACT. Interventions are mostly provided in a fixed-format using the underlying psychological flexibility model, including its therapeutic processes.

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ACT can seamlessly be integrated into a physical therapy clinical practice and will likely promote better outcomes in pain relief. ACT interventions have also informed the practices of primary care physicians, occupational therapists, nurses, social workers, counselors, corporate health assistants, fitness coaches, health coaches and more ( 11 ). Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) takes a structured, skills-driven approach to managing anxiety and improving emotion regulation. A key focus of these interventions is distress tolerance, which is the ability to accept and allow uncomfortable emotions. Our IMPROVE the Moment worksheet introduces a range of DBT skills to promote emotion ...Types of Intervention. ACT includes both more traditional CB interventions, such as exposure, skills training and behavioral activation, as well as experiential strategies — one of the things that makes ACT …The ACT matrix (Polk & Schoendorff, 2014) is an ACT tool that is often used as a structured intervention with clients (e.g., Gould et al., 2018, used the matrix in their intervention). However, it can also be used as a case conceptualization tool for behavior analysts to identify possible functional relationships between private events and overt …ACT is a behavioral therapy and behavior change is key. In this guide there is a specific “committed action” part of treatment. In addition to this the therapist should keep an eye open for any occasions when committed action work can be done regularly, within each session and between sessions. Enhancing values-directed committed action is in some …

Indeed, in the first known review of published ACT controlled trials up to 2005, the authors found ACT to be superior to control conditions, waitlists and treatment as usual at both post-intervention and at follow-up across a myriad of different problems from psychosis to work stress . Whilst evidence for the use of ACT in adult populations with …The Complete Set of Client Handouts and Worksheets from ACT books by Russ Harris ACT Made Simple 3. Your Values 3. Dissecting the Problem 4. The Life Compass 5. The …This study shows that group-based ACT interventions are acceptable and have a preliminary effect on improving general psycho-pathological symptoms, self-esteem, and psychological flexibility in PWS in remission. Thus, the group-based ACT intervention played a vital role in promoting psychological adjustment in PWS during rehabilitation. FundingThe Confronting Avoidance: ACT Skill worksheet presents experiences people frequently avoid as well as the strategies they use to do this. Clients are invited to name the thoughts and feelings they avoid most, evaluate the cost of this avoidance, and examine the accuracy of their beliefs about it. Finally, they will identify concrete ways to ... Therapy, known as ‘ACT’ (pronounced as the word ‘act’) is a mindfulness-based behavioural therapy that challenges the ground rules of most Western psychology. It utilizes an eclectic mix of metaphor, paradox, and mindfulness skills, along with a wide range of experiential exercises and values-guided behavioural interventions. ACT has proven1. Quick refresher course in ACT pp 2-5 2. 40 tips for getting unstuck with ACT, pp 6- 8 3. Motivation & Resistance, p 9 4. ACT case conceptualisation, p 10 5. Dahl’s 10 Boxes: Values worksheet, p 11 6. Self-as-context, p 12 7. Useful ACT metaphors, pp 13-15 8. ACT with anxiety, pp 15-17 9. ACT with PTSD, pp 18-21 10. act on emotion. Remember when you felt differently. 3. Practice Loving your Emotion Don’t judge your emotion. Practice willingness. Radically accept your emotion. Respect your emotion. Don’t assume it’s irrational or based on distortions. 1. Observe your emotion Notice its presence (without judging it as good or bad). Step back! Get unstuck.An Act to provide for mental healthcare and services for persons with mental illness and to protect, promote and fulfil the rights of such persons during delivery of mental healthcare ... the specific intervention in a language and manner understood by the person; (j) “least restrictive alternative” or “least restrictive environment” or “less restrictive option” means …Therapy, known as ‘ACT’ (pronounced as the word ‘act’) is a mindfulness-based behavioural therapy that challenges the ground rules of most Western psychology. It utilizes an eclectic mix of metaphor, paradox, and mindfulness skills, along with a wide range of experiential exercises and values-guided behavioural interventions. ACT has provenThe Complete Set of Client Handouts and Worksheets from ACT books by Russ Harris ACT Made Simple 3. Your Values 3. Dissecting the Problem 4. The Life Compass 5. The Problems and Values Worksheet 6. Vitality vs Suffering Diary 7. Join the Dots 8. Attempted Solutions and their Long Term Effects 9. Getting Hooked 10. Expansion Practice Sheet 11-12

interventions othe r than ACT al so favour psychological flexibility. The changes in t he group receiving cognitive-behavioural the rapy in the study ca rried out by Ro st et al.

Stage I: Psychosocial and Lethality Assessment The crisis worker must conduct a swift but thorough biopsychosocial assessment. At a minimum, this assessment should cover the client's environmental supports and stressors, medical needs and medications, current use of drugs and alcohol, and internal and external coping methods and resources (Eaton & Ertl, 2000).22 Sep 2023 Acceptance & Commitment Therapy: 21 ACT Worksheets (+ PDF) 14 Jun 2019 by Catherine Moore, Psychologist, MBA Scientifically reviewed by Gabriella Lancia, Ph.D. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a "third-wave" cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at enhancing our psychological flexibility (Hayes et al., 2006).ACT is based on the idea that, generally, trying to rid ourselves of pain and distress only increases it, and turns it into something traumatic. The alternative is to accept it - but that doesn't mean giving up, being defeated or agreeing with suffering. Acceptance is an acknowledgement of and a willingness to allow these experiences.Want to implement ACT more fluidly and flexibly with clients? Here are some free materials, tips, and tricks. ... The following is a PDF version of a blog originally published by my work, Pathways Consulting in Kenosha, …describe several randomized controlled interventions that have tested predictions from this model. Finally, we examine the relation between happiness, positive emotions, and resilience, and consider what can be learned from happiness interventions to inform efforts to increase resilience. Before continuing, the issue of terminology must be ...PK !º >ž· ˜ [Content_Types].xml ¢ ( Ä–OOã0 ÅïH|‡ÈW”¸p@hÕ”Ã.{ $Š8»ö¤µ6þ#Ï è·gÒ”ˆEU]¶T{‰”8｟ǎ'ãëW× Ï Ð _‹ój$ ð: ëçµxœþ.¯D ¤¼QmðP‹ ¸žœžŒ§« X°Úc- Dñ‡”¨ à V!‚ç‘&$§ˆoÓ\F¥ÿ¨9È‹ÑèRêà •ÔyˆÉø 4jÙRqóÊ { –‹âgÿ^ U ckµ" •Ý¨ÜªKÐâ á³7ŸèÊ YÅʵ9.lijM —&Y ŽJt« sÈ— Œ4A ... Feb 16, 2021 · Background Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease or a related dementia (ADRD) report high levels of distress, including symptoms of anxiety and depression, caregiving burden, and existential suffering; however, those with support and healthy coping strategies have less stress and burden. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) aims to foster greater acceptance of internal events ... view, brief interventions are less expensive, time limited, structured and goal-directed. Results from a brief (four session) group- based ACT intervention carried out in Southwest England with persistent pain patients revealed that the use of ACT is feasible in general practice and considered acceptable by patients.21 One of the advan-

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Cognitive and behavioral therapies (i.e., cognitive behavioural therapy or CBT) have been used to treat PTSD 5 and other psychiatric conditions such as depression 6 and anxiety. 7 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a more recently introduced form of psychotherapy that focusses on mindfulness and acceptance. 8 According to …clinician with targeting problem areas and identifying evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing depression symptoms. The Initial Phase helps Veterans gain an understanding of the structure and process of CBT and is used to generate treatment goals. During the Middle Phase ... •Cognitive refers to the act of knowing or recognizing our experiences. …are called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). These medications act in the brain on a chemical messenger called serotonin. Some people report feeling mildly nauseated or jittery when they first begin taking SSRIs, but those symptoms usually disappear over tiem and are lessened by gradual increases in dosage. Others1. Quick refresher course in ACT pp 2-5 2. 40 tips for getting unstuck with ACT, pp 6- 8 3. Motivation & Resistance, p 9 4. ACT case conceptualisation, p 10 5. Dahl’s 10 Boxes: Values worksheet, p 11 6. Self-as-context, p 12 7. Useful ACT metaphors, pp 13-15 8. ACT with anxiety, pp 15-17 9. ACT with PTSD, pp 18-21 10. Therapy Goals. Developing treatment goals at the start of therapy can improve client retention, set a direction for future sessions, and help your clients begin to envision their desired outcomes. We've created the Therapy Goals worksheet to help your clients think about, and verbalize, their hopes for therapy. ACT interventions aim to overcome experiential avoidance using a combination of mindfulness and behavioral change techniques. Each intervention activates at least one of the six core processes, but some interventions activate multiple core processes simultaneously.Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes, et al., 2012) is a transdiagnostic form of behavior therapy that incorporates mindfulness, acceptance, and behavior-change strategies to help individuals achieve behavioral goals in accordance with their personal values. The research to date suggests that ACT is an effective treatment for Veterans with This study shows that group-based ACT interventions are acceptable and have a preliminary effect on improving general psycho-pathological symptoms, self-esteem, and psychological flexibility in PWS in remission. Thus, the group-based ACT intervention played a vital role in promoting psychological adjustment in PWS during rehabilitation. Funding1. Quick refresher course in ACT pp 2-5 2. 40 tips for getting unstuck with ACT, pp 6- 8 3. Motivation & Resistance, p 9 4. ACT case conceptualisation, p 10 5. Dahl’s 10 Boxes: Values worksheet, p 11 6. Self-as-context, p 12 7. Useful ACT metaphors, pp 13-15 8. ACT with anxiety, pp 15-17 9. ACT with PTSD, pp 18-21 10. The United States (U.S.) 21st Century Cures Act "Open Notes Rule" took effect on April 5, 2021, requiring healthcare organizations to provide patients with immediate access to their clinical notes (1). The rule is the result of a 50-year movement to increase patient access to healthcare data (2)(3). Despite the fact that many healthcare …Here, we considered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as an intervention to treat insomnia. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a psychotherapeutic intervention based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. Briefly, key elements of ACT include (1) acceptance of all kind of emotions and ...ACT is a behavioral therapy and behavior change is key. In this guide there is a specific “committed action” part of treatment. In addition to this the therapist should keep an eye open for any occasions when committed action work can be done regularly, within each session and between sessions. Enhancing values-directed committed action is in some … ….

death of a companion animal, the loss of ability, or death from suicide, AIDS, or a criminal act. Grief can also be disenfranchised if others try to “protect” the bereaved by not discussing the loss. This happens sometimes for children, people with intellectual disabilities and the elderly.A brief psychological intervention in group format based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was administered. The intervention protocol is described in detail so that it can be used by ...Acceptance is a key process of change within acceptance and commitment therapy/training (ACT), and it is one of the most researched facets of the psychological flexibility model that underlies ACT (Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 2012b ). Acceptance and ACT are not new, with early experimental and conceptual work appearing in behavior-analytic ...ACT may also be a helpful therapy for people with autism and learning disabilities. 6, 7, 8 If you or someone you know is struggling with a mental health issue, ACT might be a suitable option. This fact sheet will explain: 1) How ACT works; 2) What a person can expect to do in ACT therapy; 3) How to make therapy successful, and ACT interventions, it was predicted that the interventions would produce reduced stress and increases in psychological flexibility on daily ecological-sampling …22 Sep 2023 Acceptance & Commitment Therapy: 21 ACT Worksheets (+ PDF) 14 Jun 2019 by Catherine Moore, Psychologist, MBA Scientifically reviewed by Gabriella Lancia, Ph.D. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a “third-wave” cognitive behavioral intervention aimed at enhancing our psychological flexibility (Hayes et al., 2006).The Complete Set of Client Handouts and Worksheets from ACT books by Russ Harris . ACT Made Simple. 3 . Your Values 3 . Dissecting the Problem 4 . The Life Compass 5 . The Problems and Values Worksheet 6 . Vitality vs Suffering Diary 7 . Join the Dots 8 . Attempted Solutions and their Long Term Effects 9 . Getting Hooked 10 . Expansion …Dec 1, 2021 · It is most common for online ACT interventions to have 7 or 8 modules, and this number seems appropriate to allow the patient to go through all aspects of ACT. Interventions are mostly provided in a fixed-format using the underlying psychological flexibility model, including its therapeutic processes. PDF files are a popular format for sharing documents, but they can be difficult to edit. If you need to make changes to a PDF file, you may be wondering how to edit it without purchasing expensive software. Fortunately, there is a solution:... Act interventions pdf, PDF (Portable Document Format) files have become a standard in the digital world for sharing and distributing documents. Whether it’s an e-book, a user manual, or an important report, chances are you’ve come across a PDF file at some point., PDF | Zimbabwe is a ... Mental health interventions should be accompanied by creative, evidence-based community engagement, ... Dramas were to act as discussion starters, ..., The ACT interventions focus around two main processes: Developing acceptance of unwanted private experiences which are out of personal control. Commitment and action toward living a valued life. What follows is a brief summary of some core ACT interventions, illustrated with vignettes of clinical work with a client called “Michael.”, Strengths Use Plan. People who know their strengths and use them frequently tend to have higher self-esteem, better moods, and less stress. Learning to use strengths is something anyone can achieve. The Strengths Use Plan is a two-page worksheet designed to help people identify the strengths they would like to use more, and make plans for doing ..., Download the full manual: Public health interventions: Applications for nursing practice (2nd ed.) (PDF) Download a handout on the interventions: Public health interventions, definitions, and practice levels (PDF) Order a copy of the full manual ($38/ea): Order form (PDF) Webinar: About this update. November 2020, This core principle underlies acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). ACT views "negative" emotions and experiences as part of life. Trying to avoid them can lead to unhelpful or unproductive ..., ACT for Depression and Anxiety Group (Cornell University Counseling and Psychological Services) Group Treatment of Depression (Zettle) Pole to Pole: An approach for exploration and communication in bipolar (Walton et al.) Postpartum Depression (Klausen) Books Available for Purchase Through External Sites, Similarly to Lloyd and colleagues , in these models, we tested for the effect of the ACT intervention (predictor vs waitlist control) on changes of psychological distress (baseline to post-intervention) through changes in the ACT processes of mindfulness, values obstruction, values progression, self-compassion (from mid-intervention to post …, Step 1: Make one or more leaf cutouts to use as a template for your leaves. Trace leaves on your colored paper. Step 2: Cut out the leaves, punch a hole at the top of each leaf, and loop your string or ribbon through each hole. Step 3: Put the stones or marbles in a vase and stick the tree branch or twig in the middle., The information here is intended to help you do your best on the ACT to gain admission to colleges and universities. Included are helpful hints and test-taking strategies, as well as a complete practice ACT, with “retired” questions from earlier test subjects given on previous test dates at ACT test centers. Also featured are a , The information here is intended to help you do your best on the ACT to gain admission to colleges and universities. Included are helpful hints and test-taking strategies, as well as a complete practice ACT, with “retired” questions from earlier test subjects given on previous test dates at ACT test centers. Also featured are a, Oct 22, 2019 · 8} Act of Triumph. An act of triumph is a term Pierre Janet coined, and later, Peter Levine and Pat Ogden often use this concept in Somatic Experience and Sensorimotor work. This term is used to references a trauma or event where the body needed to engage in an act of defense or a way of protecting itself, and couldn’t. , Nov 28, 2022 · ACT interventions aim to overcome experiential avoidance using a combination of mindfulness and behavioral change techniques. Each intervention activates at least one of the six core processes, but some interventions activate multiple core processes simultaneously. , Eat a Hearty Breakfast. Stay Calm. Remember, these are quick fixes that aren’t substitutes for studying content and gaining a deeper understanding of your mistakes. You should read some of our other articles, like this one on how to get a 36 on the ACT, to supplement your use of these tips and tricks!, Sep 19, 2022 · This core principle underlies acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). ACT views “negative” emotions and experiences as part of life. Trying to avoid them can lead to unhelpful or unproductive ... , Trauma care principles outline fundamental concepts that providers should know when treating various injuries in a trauma setting. The content will focus on the evaluation of problems commonly seen in these cases and their general management. Innately, trauma patients are treated using a team approach. Trauma care principles will …, Basic premise: Clients learn to re-conceptualize avoided or feared thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations in an adaptive manner. Essence of therapy: The use of acceptance and mindfulness strategies help clients to be fully present in the moment and to accept otherwise negative emotions. Commitment and behavior change strategies ..., ACT is a widely used evidence-based therapy, meaning it has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical research. 8 In a review of 20 meta-analyses, 133 studies, and 12,477 participants, ACT showed positive results for a wide range of conditions, including substance abuse, chronic pain, and mood disorders. 8. Using ACT for Substance Abuse, Are you an avid reader looking for new books to add to your collection? Or perhaps you’re a student in search of study materials or reference books? Look no further. In this digital age, there is an abundance of free PDF eBooks available fo..., This systematic review aims to: 1) identify ACT-informed behavioral health interventions delivered by laypeople and 2) review the specific characteristics of each intervention including number and ..., In this paper, we introduce a context-driven approach, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) model which is built on Relational Frame Theory. The ACT-based intervention aims to promote individuals’ new health behavior patterns through the improvement of the key construct of psychological flexibility, which is defined as the ability to ..., The Confronting Avoidance: ACT Skill worksheet presents experiences people frequently avoid as well as the strategies they use to do this. Clients are invited to name the thoughts and feelings they avoid most, evaluate the cost of this avoidance, and examine the accuracy of their beliefs about it. Finally, they will identify concrete ways to ... , Jan 11, 2018 · In this paper, we introduce a context-driven approach, the Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) model which is built on Relational Frame Theory. The ACT-based intervention aims to promote individuals’ new health behavior patterns through the improvement of the key construct of psychological flexibility, which is defined as the ability to ... , Types of Intervention. ACT includes both more traditional CB interventions, such as exposure, skills training and behavioral activation, as well as experiential strategies — one of the things that makes ACT …, This systematic review aims to: 1) identify ACT-informed behavioral health interventions delivered by laypeople and 2) review the specific characteristics of each intervention including number and ..., Any intervention that is used to restrict the rights or freedom of movement of a person with a disability, and includes chemical restraint, mechanical restraint, physical restraint and seclusion. A disability service provider must follow rules to use restrictive interventions. These rules are in the Disability Act 2006. Expand all., Scientifically reviewed by Jo Nash, Ph.D. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) encourages people to embrace their thoughts and feelings rather than fighting or feeling guilty for them. It may seem confusing at first, but ACT paired with mindfulness-based therapy offers clinically effective treatment., Accepting the reality of loss. Processing the pain of grief. Adjusting to a world without the deceased. Finding an enduring connection with the deceased while embarking on a new life. The following subgoals of grief counseling are therefore aligned with each task (Worden, 2010): Increasing the reality of loss., The Hexaflex Model and Principles Explained. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a third-wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) that can be a breath of fresh air for coaches and therapists. Third-wave CBT therapies incorporate mindfulness as their distinguishing factor. ACT is a therapy modality that allows therapists to include the ..., Jul 17, 2019 · Description. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a mindfulness, acceptance, and values-based psychotherapy, grounded in the cognitive behavioral tradition. As a form of behavior therapy, ACT postulates that behavior is regulated by its consequences, which influence the probability of (re)occurrence of a certain behaviour. , An oversized pdf file can be hard to send through email and may not upload onto certain file managers. Luckily, there are lots of free and paid tools that can compress a PDF file in just a few easy steps., Basic premise: Clients learn to re-conceptualize avoided or feared thoughts, feelings, memories, and physical sensations in an adaptive manner. Essence of therapy: The use of acceptance and mindfulness strategies help clients to be fully present in the moment and to accept otherwise negative emotions. Commitment and behavior change strategies ... , Oct 22, 2019 · 8} Act of Triumph. An act of triumph is a term Pierre Janet coined, and later, Peter Levine and Pat Ogden often use this concept in Somatic Experience and Sensorimotor work. This term is used to references a trauma or event where the body needed to engage in an act of defense or a way of protecting itself, and couldn’t.