Cfa level 1 example questions

Guide to a complete peek into the CFA level 2 Syllabus, exam Tips, Pass Rate, Results, Sample Questions appearing in the exam, etc ... Unlike the CFA Level 1 exam ...

Cfa level 1 example questions. The computer-based Level I exam consists of 180 free CFA level 1 practice questions of multiple-choice, divided into two 135-minute sessions. In sessions, there is an optional break. To obtain an exam score, candidates must take both sessions. The early session (2 hours 15 minutes): 90 questions of multiple-choice, addressing all topics.

In August, 37% of candidates passed the Level I test, down from the 39% success rate for those who sat for the exam in May and 38% in February, the CFA Institute said Tuesday. The latest results ...

Prepare to Pass the 2023 or 2024 CFA Level I Examwith a Step-by-Step Study Solution. The first exam in the CFA Program tests your knowledge of investment tools and ethical and professional standards. The curriculum focuses on recalling formulas and definitions from memory, and most of the material is a straightforward introduction to the ...Trustpilot rating score: 4.5 of 5, based on 69 reviews. Previous Post. CFA Level 1 Study Notes – Corporate Issuers. Next Post. Using a Timeline to Model Cash Flows and Solve Time Value of Money Problems. There are three major categories of equity valuation models: present value models, multiplier models, and asset-based valuation …Level I Study Packages by AnalystPrep. AnalystPrep's study packages for the Level I of the CFA Exam start as low as $199. Add video lessons and study notes for only $150 extra. Combine all three levels, with lifetime …The internal rate of return is the discount rate that sets the present value of all cash inflows of a project equal to the present value of all cash outflows of the same project. In other words, it is the effective rate of return that makes a project have a net present value of zero. Thus: NPV = 0 if r = IRR, for any given project. The internal ...The CFA Institute’s Level I Equity Investments topic has an exam weight of 10-12% of the total exam content so approximately 18-22 questions of the 180 CFA Level 1 exam questions focus on this topic. Topic Weight. No. of Learning Modules. No. of Formulas.

The Level I exam is in a multiple-choice format. For the Level II and Level III exams, there are 11 question sets (item sets only at Level II; item sets and essays at Level III) for each session, for a total of 22 on the exam. Learn more about the exam structure by viewing the details at each level.Note: this cheat sheet is updated for the latest 2023’s curriculum. CFA exams are tough, we get it.We have gone through them ourselves. Quantitative Methods is the foundation you need to get right for the rest of the topics.Question. Use data from the example above to calculate a two-tailed 99% confidence interval for the population mean. A. (125.3, 127.91) B. (117.9, 135.3) C. (116.6, 136.6) Solution. The correct answer is A. ... So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos signpost the reading contents, explain the ...Note: this cheat sheet is updated for the latest 2023’s curriculum. CFA exams are tough, we get it.We have gone through them ourselves. Quantitative Methods is the foundation you need to get right for the rest of the topics.Jun 14, 2023 · Passing the CFA Level I exam, which has around a 40% pass rate over the past years, requires following a solid study plan. Successful Level I candidates spend more than 300 hours preparing for the ... CFA Level 1 exam: can you answer these five test questions? Think you've got what it takes for the notoriously challenging qualification? By Emily Horton Tuesday, …FAQs CFA Level 1 Questions 2023 - With changes in paper pattern, the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) has reduced the number of questions in CFA level 1 2023. For the computer based exam, candidates will have to solve 180 multiple choice questions in total.

Jun 14, 2023 · Passing the CFA Level I exam, which has around a 40% pass rate over the past years, requires following a solid study plan. Successful Level I candidates spend more than 300 hours preparing for the ... Jul 30, 2019 · Take our survey here. Thousands of students will find out in August whether or not they have successfully passed their chartered financial analyst exams. or Sign in to continue reading. Think you've got what it takes for the notoriously challenging qualification? CFA Level 2 Study Schedule and Preparation Plan. Our platform is designed to help you pass Level 2 on your first try. Our content is written by subject matter experts at exam-level difficulty, allowing students to practice challenging questions and improve their readiness. By simulating the real test, students build confidence and stamina while ...Note: this cheat sheet is updated for the latest 2023’s curriculum. CFA exams are tough, we get it.We have gone through them ourselves. Quantitative Methods is the foundation you need to get right for the rest of the topics.They are like mini notes that cover the core CFA concepts in Level 1 and Level 2 that you can refer to during your studies. Free trial of IFT’s core study tools for all levels IFT is also running a free trial of its core CFA study product , with hours of free sample video lectures, study notes, question banks (plus essay questions for Level 3 ...CFA Exam Levels 1 Sample Question May 7, 2021 by kundan Sharma CFA Exam Levels 1 Sample Question With Solution We have chosen a large number of Free CFA Level 1 practise questions from our comprehensive question bank to assist you in passing your CFA Exam.

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Questions for CFA Level I: 1. Beth Knight, CFA, and David Royal, CFA, are independently analyzing the value of Bishop, Inc. stock. Bishop paid a dividend of $1 last year. ... In this example, modified duration (MD) of 4.1 represents the percentage change in the bond’s price for a 1% change in yields. Recall the inverse relationship between ...Answers to Sample Level II Item-Set Questions 1. To best comply with the CFA Institute Standards of Professional Conduct (the Standards) related to performance presentation, Somer should modify the: A. text regarding Somer’s investment returns. B. presentation of the performance for Karibe’s representative composite.Free eBook: CFA ® Program Fundamentals. Kaplan Schweser has developed this exclusive eBook for new and aspiring CFA ® Program candidates. Review this introduction to the main topic areas of the Level I CFA Program exam. Each chapter concludes with a sample of multiple-choice questions, complete with answers and explanations. It means there is insufficient evidence to justify the rejection of the H 0 given a certain level of significance. Question. A CFA candidate conducts a statistical test about the mean value of a random variable X. H 0: μ = μ 0 vs H 1: μ ≠ μ 0. She obtains a test statistic of 2.2. Given a 5% significance level, determine the p-value. A. 1. ...The correct answer is B. uudS = 1.022 ∗ 1 1.02 ∗30 = $30.6 with a probability of 0.147(0.7∗0.7∗0.3) uudS = 1.02 2 ∗ 1 1.02 ∗ 30 = $ 30.6 with a probability of 0.147 ( 0.7 ∗ 0.7 ∗ 0.3) You should also note that just like in an ordinary probability tree, the sum of all probabilities at the end of a period must be 1.NEW! Now available CFA Level 1 courses for 2024 Exam Window Step Into the CFA Exam Knowing You're Going To Pass At UWorld, we provide the ultimate learning platform to master every CFA chapter and reading, covering all Level 1 learning outcomes statements (LOS).

The CFA Institute’s Level I Equity Investments topic has an exam weight of 10-12% of the total exam content so approximately 18-22 questions of the 180 CFA Level 1 exam questions focus on this topic. Topic Weight. No. of Learning Modules. No. of Formulas. Think you've got what it takes for the notoriously challenging qualification? You can do this CFA Level 1 mock exam in two ways: online (either right now via the …53.3%. 64.0%. If a firm’s long-run average cost of production increases by 15 percent as a result of an 8 percent increase in production the firm is most likely experiencing: …For example, if the monthly interest rate is 0.65, then the stated interest rate is 0.65×12=7.8. Under more than one compounding period per year, the future value of a single sum of money is. FVN = PV(1 + rs m)mN. Where. m= number of compounding periods per year. N=number of years. rs =annual stated rate of interest.The computer-based Level I exam consists of 180 free CFA level 1 practice questions of multiple-choice, divided into two 135-minute sessions. In sessions, there is an optional break. To obtain an exam score, candidates must take both sessions. The early session (2 hours 15 minutes): 90 questions of multiple-choice, addressing all topics.Example: Bayes’ Formula. A Civil Engineer wishes to investigate the punctuality of electric trains by considering the number of train journeys. In the sample, 50% of trains were destined for New York, 30% Vegas and 20% Washington DC. The probabilities of a train arriving late in New York, Vegas, and Washington DC are 40%, 35%, and 25% ...These eight questions - in their opinions - are the toughest questions you are likely to encounter on CFA levels I, II, and III. Helpfully, they have also provided solutions. Questions for CFA Level I: 1. Beth Knight, CFA, and David Royal, CFA, are independently analyzing the value of Bishop, Inc. stock. Bishop paid a dividend of $1 last year.First of all, there is a one-time CFA enrollment fee of $350. In addition, you must pay an exam fee each time you register to sit for an exam. CFA Institute has early and standard deadlines, and the price goes up the later you register. Expect to pay around $1,000 - 2,500 USD for the Level I exam, including prep materials.

The CFA Quantitative Typical topic has a weight of 5-10% for the total exam content, so that approximately 4-8 of the 88 CFA Level 2 exam questions, or 1-2 of the 22 item recorded emphasis on this theme. Topic Burden No. of Learning modules Not. of Formulas Nay. of Questions; ... CFA Quantitative Methods Level 2 Sample Questions and Answers.

Topic Test questions are usually at the start of them, and EOCs from the books have blue boxes around the questions on the ecosystem. CFA •. They’re mostly the same, maybe a handful of online-exclusive questions littered in there. •. generally speaking, they have about half of new questions and rest from EOC.CFA® Level 1 (2023) CFA Level 1 (2024) CFA Level 2 (2023) CFA Level 2 (2024) CFA Level 3 (2024) Free Trial; Product Features Menu Toggle. Mock Exams; Study Guides; Video Lectures; Sample Questions; My Notebook; Flashcards; Mobile app; Live Classes; Accelerate Bootcamp; Our Difference Menu Toggle. Why UWorld Finance; Wiley to UWorld Transition ...Sample Questions For Cfa Level I Exam 2022. The CFA Institute also helps candidates in their preparation by providing sample questions. Candidates can solve these questions to understand the basic CFA level 1 question paper format. These will also help in gaining knowledge about the strengths and areas of improvements that are required …23 Mei 2021 ... Economics CFA level 1. 0. How the answer is 5.8? 3 3 Answers; 159 Views; 1 ... Related Questions. ECONOMICS L1 · 0 Answers · Economics · 1 Answer ...CFA Level 1 exam: can you answer these five test questions? Think you've got what it takes for the notoriously challenging qualification? By Emily Horton Tuesday, …The CFA Institute’s Level I Equity Investments topic has an exam weight of 10-12% of the total exam content so approximately 18-22 questions of the 180 CFA Level 1 exam questions focus on this topic. Topic Weight. No. of Learning Modules. No. of Formulas.So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos signpost the reading contents, explain the concepts and provide additional context for specific concepts. The fun light-hearted analogies are also a welcome break to some very dry content.CFA Institute ®, CFA ® and "Chartered Financial Analyst ®" are trademarks owned by CFA Institute. These are the findings of a quantitative survey conducted by Kaplan between June 30 and August 30, 2021. For this survey, a sample of 313 U.S. CFA Level I and Level II candidates was interviewed online. The CFA Level 1 exam is conducted in two sessions with 180 questions in total (90 questions per session) asked in a Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) format.If not, check out our guide to finishing up your notes, so that you can get started on practice exams. For some practice, here is our upgraded, free CFA Level 1 mock exam that reflects the latest CFA exam curriculum. This is a 2 hour 15 minutes, 90-question CFA practice test weighted to the guidance set by CFA Institute for the actual CFA exam.

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The CFA Level 1 curriculum includes 73 total learning modules for 2023. The first seven readings (1-7) center on Quantitative Methods (9.6% of the total curriculum). The weight of the Quantitative Methods section was 12% in 2018 but dropped to 10% in 2020 through 2021. Since 2022, weight has fluctuated between 8-12%.The CFA Level 1 exam includes 73 total learning modules for 2023; eight on Economics (11% of the total curriculum). The only change in 2023 is the addition of a new learning module covering geopolitics. While CFA Level 1 Economics had a weight of 10% of the CFA exam content from 2018-2020, it has maintained a weight of 8-12% for 2022-2023. 2018.Forward Contract. 11 Dec 2022. A forward contract is an over-the-counter (OTC) derivative contract. In this contract, two parties agree that one party, the buyer (long), will purchase an underlying asset from the other party, the seller (short), at a later date at a fixed price (the forward price) agreed upon when the contract is initiated.53.3%. 64.0%. If a firm’s long-run average cost of production increases by 15 percent as a result of an 8 percent increase in production the firm is most likely experiencing: economies of scale. diseconomies of scale. constant returns to scale. A company currently has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.25. Mock exams, also known as question banks, are posted in the Learning Ecosystem about two months before the date of your exam. In terms of structure, each mock exam consists of the same topic area weights and level of difficulty as the actual exam.In August, 37% of candidates passed the Level I test, down from the 39% success rate for those who sat for the exam in May and 38% in February, the CFA Institute said Tuesday. The latest results ...A random sample of 50 FRM exam candidates was found to have an average I.Q. of 125. The standard deviation among candidates is known (approximately 20). Assuming that I.Q.s follow a normal distribution, carry out a statistical test (5% significance level) to determine whether the average I.Q. of FRM candidates is greater than 120.The internal rate of return is the discount rate that sets the present value of all cash inflows of a project equal to the present value of all cash outflows of the same project. In other words, it is the effective rate of return that makes a project have a net present value of zero. Thus: NPV = 0 if r = IRR, for any given project. The internal ...For example, if the monthly interest rate is 0.65, then the stated interest rate is 0.65×12=7.8. Under more than one compounding period per year, the future value of a single sum of money is. FVN = PV(1 + rs m)mN. Where. m= number of compounding periods per year. N=number of years. rs =annual stated rate of interest.CFA Level 1 v1.0 (CFA Level 1) Page: 1 / 264. Total 3966 questions. Question 1. Mirabelle is an experienced analyst who has worked for the investment research arm of Clifford & Clifford, Inc. for the past 7 years. Recently, TransOmega retained Clifford & Clifford to conduct a study on possible takeover candidates in the aviation industry.Example We anticipate a 15% chance that next year’s stock returns for ABC Corp will be 6%, a 60% probability that they will be 8%, and a 25% probability of 10% return. We already know that the expected value of returns is 8.2%, and the standard deviation is 1.249%. ….

50 Thousand Satisfied Customers # 1 Rated Cfa Preparation Platform By Review Websites Question 1 Ethical and Professional Standards Nayri Avaikan, CFA, is working as an investment advisor with Allstar Investors.Jun 14, 2023 · Passing the CFA Level I exam, which has around a 40% pass rate over the past years, requires following a solid study plan. Successful Level I candidates spend more than 300 hours preparing for the ... What are you waiting for? 10% off CFA Premium Packages for a Limited Time Want to get ahead on your next CFA exam study plan? Save 10% on Schweser's Premium Study Packages. Use promo code ResultsNow before it's too late. Kaplan Schweser • Sponsored Claim it Our free CFA Level 1 mock exam: How it worksFAQs CFA Level 1 Questions 2023 - With changes in paper pattern, the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) has reduced the number of questions in CFA level 1 2023. For the computer based exam, candidates will have to solve 180 multiple choice questions in total.Oct 10, 2019 · Example We anticipate a 15% chance that next year’s stock returns for ABC Corp will be 6%, a 60% probability that they will be 8%, and a 25% probability of 10% return. We already know that the expected value of returns is 8.2%, and the standard deviation is 1.249%. Sep 1, 2019 · For example, if the monthly interest rate is 0.65, then the stated interest rate is 0.65×12=7.8. Under more than one compounding period per year, the future value of a single sum of money is. FVN = PV(1 + rs m)mN. Where. m= number of compounding periods per year. N=number of years. rs =annual stated rate of interest. Sample skewness. Sk = 1 n ∑n i=1(Xi−¯X)3 S3 S k = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( X i − X ¯) 3 S 3. Where: ¯X X ¯ is the sample mean; S is the sample standard deviation; and. n is the number of observations. Note: the numerator is raised to the third power, and as such, it can either be positive or negative.CFA Institute ®, CFA ® and "Chartered Financial Analyst ®" are trademarks owned by CFA Institute. These are the findings of a quantitative survey conducted by Kaplan between June 30 and August 30, 2021. For this survey, a sample of 313 U.S. CFA Level I and Level II candidates was interviewed online. Cfa level 1 example questions, Oct 1, 2019 · 1 x + 110 x = 100 111 x = 100 1 x + 110 x = 100 111 x = 100. Therefore, x = 1.11 x = 1.11. But x = 1 + r. 1+ r = 1.11 r = 0.11 or 11% 1 + r = 1.11 r = 0.11 or 11 %. Exam tip: The exam usually tests the candidate’s understanding of the concept of money-weighted rate of return. Any calculations are unlikely to require the use of a calculator. , PDF Télécharger [PDF] DA4387 Level II CFA Mock Exam 2018 - Wiley Efficient Learning cfa level 2 sample questions CFA Exam Prep TestBank Audio and Study Guides Free CFA Level 1 Practice Questions Sample Questions Free Level II Question Bank 300 Hours CFA Forum CFA Sample Level II Item Set Questions …, CFA Institute ®, CFA ® and "Chartered Financial Analyst ®" are trademarks owned by CFA Institute. These are the findings of a quantitative survey conducted by Kaplan between June 30 and August 30, 2021. For this survey, a sample of 313 U.S. CFA Level I and Level II candidates was interviewed online., Mock exams, also known as question banks, are posted in the Learning Ecosystem about two months before the date of your exam. In terms of structure, each mock exam consists of the same topic area weights and level of difficulty as the actual exam., Interested in CFA exams, or currently a Level 1 candidate? Join our CFA Level 1 forum for discussions and study tips, with free help and support. ... example: Semi-strong and strong form. pcunniff. 3; 3; 1w. williambrown. Up. 16:: Kaplan Down? byronhussie. 3; 3; 1w. ... mock exams, question bank, and more. Take your first step with Salt ..., CFA Level 1 exam: can you answer these five test questions? Think you've got what it takes for the notoriously challenging qualification? By Emily Horton Tuesday, …, These multiple choice questions answers can be used for the preparation of BBA, MBA finance, MBA marketing, MMS and many other such management courses. Various Search Terms used for this section are - cfa level 1 exam practice questions cfa level 1 multiple choice Questions Answers cfa level 1 practice questions cfa level 1 questions and …, Here's our CFA Level 1 Quantitative Methods topic cheat sheet, which lists down the key concepts and formulae you need to know for the CFA exam. ... which means 14-21 questions of the 180 questions of CFA Level 1 exam is centered around this topic. ... Using a sample to estimate characteristics of a population: 6: Hypothesis Testing:, The average cost for pursuing the CFA Level I in India can range between INR 1,25,000 - INR 5,00,000 per annum. CFA Level 1 Fee is between USD 700 for early registration and USD 1000 for Standard Registration. CFA Level I program in India is offered by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, IIT Bombay, Chandigarh University etc., CFA Corporate Issuers Level 1 Sample Questions and Answers. The sample questions are typical of the probing multiple-choice questions on the L1 exam. During the exam, you have about 90 seconds to read and answer each question, carefully designed to test knowledge from the CFA Curriculum. UWorld’s question bank is built to expose you to exam ... , Sep 1, 2019 · For example, if the monthly interest rate is 0.65, then the stated interest rate is 0.65×12=7.8. Under more than one compounding period per year, the future value of a single sum of money is. FVN = PV(1 + rs m)mN. Where. m= number of compounding periods per year. N=number of years. rs =annual stated rate of interest. , CFA Alternative Investments Level 1 Sample Questions and Answers. The sample questions are typical of the probing multiple-choice questions on the L1 exam. During the exam, you have about 90 seconds to read and answer each question, carefully designed to test knowledge from the CFA Curriculum., t = number of years t = n u m b e r o f y e a r s. A simple example of this application is if you needed to determine how much you would pay today to receive $1 in one year, assuming your required rate of return was 5%. The formula would look like this: P V = $1 (1+.05) = $0.95 P V = $ 1 ( 1 + .05) = $ 0.95., Since the latter period has 24 months, n = 24. The test statistic is: χ2 24−1 = (24−1)0.0016 0.0025 = 14.72 χ 24 − 1 2 = ( 24 − 1) 0.0016 0.0025 = 14.72. This is a two-tailed test. As such, we have to divide the significance level by two and screen our test statistic against the lower and upper 2.5% points of χ2 23 χ 23 2., $$ \text{Position of percentile}, \text{denoted } p_y =\cfrac {(n + 1) y}{100} $$ Where n is the number of observations and y is the percentile. Note: you must always order the data set, usually in ascending order, before calculating any of these values. Example: Quartiles . Given the following distribution of returns, determine the lower quartile:, Example: Computing an Implied Forward Rate. ... Question. Suppose the current forward curve for 1-year rates is 0y1y=2%, 1y1y=3%, and 2y1y=3.75%. The 2-year and 3-year implied spot rates are: ... So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos signpost the reading contents, explain the concepts …, Learn how to become a frugal traveler in this article. Visit HowStuffWorks.com to read about how to become a frugal traveler. Advertisement To become a frugal traveler, there's one pivotal question you need to ask yourself. "What level of d..., The Level I exam consists of 180 multiple choice questions, split between two 135-minute sessions (session times are approximate). There is an optional break between sessions., Example: Money-weighted Rate of Return. ... Question 1. A stock was valued at $20 on January 1, 2015 and $22 on December 31, 2015, when the holder sold his stake. During the year, a dividend of $0.4 per share was paid out to shareholders. ... So helpful. I have been using the videos to prepare for the CFA Level II exam. The videos …, Example: Bayes’ Formula. A Civil Engineer wishes to investigate the punctuality of electric trains by considering the number of train journeys. In the sample, 50% of trains were destined for New York, 30% Vegas and 20% Washington DC. The probabilities of a train arriving late in New York, Vegas, and Washington DC are 40%, …, Apr 29, 2023 · CFA Level 1 Exam Structure. The exam is a computer-based exam split between two 135-minute sessions. The exam consists of 180 multiple-choice questions: 90 questions in the first session and 90 ... , Example 1. Assume that you have a portfolio of investments consisting of 10 stocks. Suppose your wish is to assign 3 different labels such that label 1 has 5 “high return” stocks, label 2 has 3 “medium return” stocks, and the last label has 2 “low return” stocks., The Portfolio Management (PM) topic is at the core of the CFA® Program, thus making it the most highly ranked career of interest among the candidates. The material starts relatively light at Level 1 (5-8%) and increases in scope and weight at Level 2 (10-15%). PM makes up 35-40% of the Level 3 exam. Candidates should build a strong foundation ..., Each multiple-choice item on the CFA Level I exam consists of a stem (a question, a statement, and/or table) and three answer choices (A, B, or C). The first session (2 hours, 15 minutes): 90 multiple-choice questions covering the topics of ethics & professional standards, quantitative methods, economics, and financial statement analysis, The probability density function for this type of distribution is: f x (x) = 1 β −α α < x < β f x ( x) = 1 β − α α < x < β. X ∼ U (α,β) X ∼ U ( α, β) is the most commonly used shorthand notation read as “the random variable x has a continuous uniform distribution with parameters α and β.”. The total probability (1) is ..., Note: this cheat sheet is updated for the latest 2023’s curriculum. CFA exams are tough, we get it.We have gone through them ourselves. Quantitative Methods is the foundation you need to get right for the rest of the topics., 21 Jan 2014 ... Its especially important on the Level 1 as you have 200+ questions to answer. We recommend going with the Schewser practice exams and practice ..., The CFA Level 1 exam includes 73 total learning modules for 2023; eight on Economics (11% of the total curriculum). The only change in 2023 is the addition of a new learning module covering geopolitics. While CFA Level 1 Economics had a weight of 10% of the CFA exam content from 2018-2020, it has maintained a weight of 8-12% for 2022-2023. 2018. , Are you looking for the IRS phone number? You might want to call the IRS about stimulus checks, but coronavirus has reduced staffing levels. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from Money and its partners. I ..., Guide to a complete peek into the CFA level 2 Syllabus, exam Tips, Pass Rate, Results, Sample Questions appearing in the exam, etc ... Unlike the CFA Level 1 exam ..., Solution. The correct answer is B. According to Standard I (D) “Members shall not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence.”. The standard is not intended to regulate one’s personal behavior., The CFA Level 1 exam is conducted in two sessions with 180 questions in total (90 questions per session) asked in a Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ) format., 53.3%. 64.0%. If a firm’s long-run average cost of production increases by 15 percent as a result of an 8 percent increase in production the firm is most likely experiencing: …