Plato dialectic

Plato’s Myths. First published Thu Jul 23, 2009; substantive revision Tue May 24, 2022. What the ancient Greeks—at least in the archaic phase of their civilization—called muthos was quite different from what we and the media nowadays call “myth”. For them a muthos was a true story, a story that unveils the true origin of the …

The lord–bondsman dialectic (sometimes translated master–slave dialectic) is a famous passage in Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit. It is widely considered a key element in Hegel's philosophical system, and it has heavily influenced many subsequent philosophers.Dialectic of Existence. THESIS: Being. ANTITHESIS: Nothingness. SYNTHESIS: Becoming. The Dialectical Ascent out of Plato's Cave. Dialectical motion does ...The Academy, the school he founded in 385 B.C.E., became the model for other schools of higher learning and later for European universities.The philosophy of Plato is marked by the usage of dialectic, a method of discussion involving ever more profound insights into the nature of reality, and by cognitive optimism, a belief in the capacity of ... Doing so, Plato adjusted dialectic to a variety of dialogue purposes and in order to explore this variety, a study of the early tradition of classifying Plato's dialogues in terms of their 'character' is suggested, the results of which are then compared with types of dialogues in contemporary Argumentation Theory. Download chapter PDFIn the Cratylus Plato had described the dialectician as "the man who knows how to ask and answer questions" (390c), and this view of dialectic as question and ...The development of dialectic from Plato to Aristotle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. Collection of essays on dialectic in Plato and Aristotle. Contributions attend not only to the ways in which these philosophers theorize about dialectic, but also to questions concerning dialectic in practice. Gourinat, J.-B., and J. Lemaire, eds. 2016.Thus, Plato's dialectic is also a theory of indivisible wholes, and as such, it is simultaneously discursive and intuitive. The dialectic can perform all possible logical divisions and at the same time combine everything into one. According to Plato, the dialectician possesses the "combined vision" of the sciences and "sees all at one ...

Rhetoric and dialectic rely on accepted sentences (endoxa). Rhetoric and dialectic are not dependent on the principles of certain sciences. Rhetoric and dialectic are concerned with both sides of an opposition. Rhetoric and dialectic rely on the same theory of deduction and induction. Rhetoric and dialectic similarly apply the so-called topoi.Sep 28, 2023 · Plato, (born 428/427 bce, Athens, Greece—died 348/347, Athens), ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 bce), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence. Rhetoric and dialectic rely on accepted sentences (endoxa). Rhetoric and dialectic are not dependent on the principles of certain sciences. Rhetoric and dialectic are concerned with both sides of an opposition. Rhetoric and dialectic rely on the same theory of deduction and induction. Rhetoric and dialectic similarly apply the so-called topoi.Plato's Dialectic - Herman L. Sinaiko: Love, Knowledge, and Discourse in Plato. Pp. xii + 314 London: University of Chicago Press, 1965. Cloth, 56s. - Volume 17 Issue 1Socrates' practice of dialectic, Plato also defined a dialogical rhetori cal practice that resembles contemporary rhetorics of inquiry. (527) In sharp contrast to this dialectical or philosophical rhetoric interpretation of Plato's conception of rhetoric in the Phaedrus, I will argue that Plato's viewDialectic is a thing of closed logic, of minor and major premises leading inexorably toward irrefutable conclusions. Rhetoric is a signal toward decisions in the spaces left open before and after logic." ("'The Empty Eloquence of Fools': Rhetoric in Classical Greece." Rediscovering Rhetoric, ed. by J.T. Gleeson and Ruth CA Higgins.

The "dialectical method" (ἡ διαλεκτικὴ μέθοδος)was used by Plato in his dialogues as the central tool for philosophical inquiry; see Rep, 533c and see e.g. : Richard Robinson, Plato’s Earlier Dialectic, Clarendon Press (1941). For Aristotle, Dialectical arguments are different from demonstrations in :Plato outlines Philosophy as a discipline that surpasses other genres, like poetry and rhetoric, and suggests that they must be transformed and oriented towards objectivism, and dialectic would be a parameter in which refutation (ἔλεγχος) is of central importance. This paper examines this aspect in the Euthydemus, considering the figure ...٠٢‏/٠٣‏/٢٠٠٩ ... Plato's Dialectical Ethics. Phenomenological Interpretations Relating to the Philebus. by Hans-Georg Gadamer. Translated by Robert M. Wallace.It moves from Plato, for whom dialectic is necessary to destroy incorrect theses and attain thinkable being, to Cusanus, to modern philosophers—Descartes, Kant, Hegel, Schleiermacher and Gadamer, for whom dialectic becomes the driving force behind the constitution of a rational philosophical system.It is the essence of Beauty. In the Symposium, the Form of Beauty is the final stage in the lover of knowledge's ascent toward Beauty. He begins by loving particular bodies, moving from there to bodies in general, to particular minds, to minds in general, to laws and practices, to knowledge, and finally to the knowledge of the Form of Beauty.

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Dialectic in Ancient Greek philosophy is commonly understood as a form of reasoning based on argumentative dialogue. While Zeno of Elea and the Sophists employed some forms of dialectical reasoning, its classical meaning largely stems from the Socratic dialogues written by Plato. The Socratic dialogues contributed to the development of ...1. Plato’s central doctrines. Many people associate Plato with a few central doctrines that are advocated in his writings: The world that appears to our senses is in some way defective and filled with error, but there is a more real and perfect realm, populated by entities (called “forms” or “ideas”) that are eternal, changeless, and in some sense …Plato's Euthyphro is a dialogue between Socrates and the young, self-proclaimed 'prophet' Euthyphro outside the court in Athens just before Socrates is to go to trial in 399 BCE. Socrates is there to answer charges brought against him, while Euthyphro has arrived to bring a case against his father. As Socrates has been charged by the Athenians ...Plato was an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms in philosophy. He raised problems for what became all the major areas of both theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy.The task of philosophy, for Plato, is to discover through reason (" dialectic ") the nature of the Forms, the only true reality, and their interrelations, culminating in an understanding of the most fundamental Form, the Good or the One.Analysis: Book VII, 514a–521d. It is important to realize, when reading the allegory of the cave and of the line, that Plato means to depict not only four ways of thinking, but four ways of life. To use an example, imagine that a person in each of these stages were asked to say what courage is. The understanding of courage would differ widely ...

The Academy, the school he founded in 385 B.C.E., became the model for other schools of higher learning and later for European universities.The philosophy of Plato is marked by the usage of dialectic, a method of discussion involving ever more profound insights into the nature of reality, and by cognitive optimism, a belief in the capacity of ... Plato - Dialectic, Philosophy, Ideas: Plato uses the term dialectic throughout his works to refer to whatever method he happens to be recommending as the vehicle of philosophy. The term, from dialegesthai, meaning to converse or talk through, gives insight into his core conception of the project.Thus, Plato's dialectic is also a theory of indivisible wholes, and as such, it is simultaneously discursive and intuitive. The dialectic can perform all possible logical divisions and at the same time combine everything into one. According to Plato, the dialectician possesses the "combined vision" of the sciences and "sees all at one ...Introduction: Although Plato's Republic is best known for its definitive defense of justice, it also includes an equally powerful defense of philosophical education. Plato's beliefs on education, however, are difficult to discern because of the intricacies of the dialogue. Not only does Socrates (Plato's mouthpiece in the dialogue) posit two ...2 Dialegesthai as a Term of Art: Plato and the Disciplining of Dialectic W e move now to a particular example of the disciplining of discourse through the refinement of a term of art. Specif- ically, we are interested in Plato, dialogue, and the term “dialectic.” Our intention is to describe Plato’s adaptation of a term of art for his own purposes.1st Edition New Perspectives on Platonic Dialectic A Philosophy of Inquiry Edited By Jens Kristian Larsen, Vivil Valvik Haraldsen, Justin Vlasits Copyright 2022 320 Pages by …٠٥‏/٠٥‏/١٩٩٨ ... The dielectrics decision method (DDM) or Socratic method traces its roots back to Socrates and Plato. It helps to overcome such problems as ...In Gadamer’s Dialectical Hermeneutics, Barthold takes on at least three interrelated and important scholarly and philosophical tasks. First, she provides an account of the development of Gadamer’s notion of dialectical hermeneutics in its relationship to his reading of Plato and Aristotle, and in particular the manner in which this offers a foundation for a Gadamerian “dialectical ethics.”Sep 28, 2023 · Plato, (born 428/427 bce, Athens, Greece—died 348/347, Athens), ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce), teacher of Aristotle (384–322 bce), and founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence.

In simple terms, dialectic can be defined as a method of inquiry that involves critical examination and discussion to achieve knowledge and understanding. Plato’s …

About Plato. P lato is one of the world's best known and most widely read and studied philosophers. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, and he wrote in the middle of the fourth century B.C.E. in ancient Greece. Though influenced primarily by Socrates, to the extent that Socrates is usually the main character in many of ...Plato relies, further, on the view that the soul is a mind in order to explain how its motions are possible: Plato combines the view that the soul is a self-mover with the view that the soul is a mind in order to explain how the soul can move things in the first place (e.g., how it can move the body to which it is attached in life).An art of dialectic will be useful wherever dialectical argument is useful. Aristotle mentions three such uses; each merits some comment. 8.3.1 Gymnastic Dialectic. First, there appears to have been a form of stylized argumentative exchange practiced in the Academy in Aristotle’s time.Jan 12, 2023 · The development of dialectic from Plato to Aristotle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. Collection of essays on dialectic in Plato and Aristotle. Contributions attend not only to the ways in which these philosophers theorize about dialectic, but also to questions concerning dialectic in practice. Gourinat, J.-B., and J. Lemaire, eds. 2016. Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being (eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues (aretê: 'excellence') are the dispositions/skills needed to attain it.If Plato's conception of happiness is elusive and his support for a morality of happiness seems ...In at least Plato's time, the school did not have any particular doctrine to teach; rather, Plato (and probably other associates of his) posed problems to be studied and solved by the others. There is evidence of lectures given, most notably Plato's lecture "On the Good"; but probably the use of dialectic was more common.Theaetetus. The Theaetetus is one of the middle to later dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. Plato was Socrates’ student and Aristotle’s teacher. As in most of Plato’s dialogues, the main character is Socrates. In the Theaetetus, Socrates converses with Theaetetus, a boy, and Theodorus, his mathematics teacher.٢٧‏/٠٩‏/٢٠١٧ ... Essentially, Plato's Dialectic Method is a way of conducting truth gathering exercises, and it's the general way in which Plato "formats" ...Socrates (/ ˈ s ɒ k r ə t iː z /; Greek: Σωκράτης; c. 470 –399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, …

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Dialogue and Dialectic. Eight Hermeneutical Studies on Plato. Hans-Georg Gadamer. Translated by P. Christopher Smith. Imprint: Yale University Press. Sales ...٢٧‏/٠٩‏/٢٠١٧ ... Essentially, Plato's Dialectic Method is a way of conducting truth gathering exercises, and it's the general way in which Plato "formats" ...Socrates - Philosopher, Athens, Dialogues: Plato, unlike Xenophon, is generally regarded as a philosopher of the highest order of originality and depth. According to some scholars, his philosophical skills made him far better able than Xenophon was to understand Socrates and therefore more valuable a source of information about him. The contrary view is that …Plato's Republic THE REPUBLIC by Plato (360 B.C.) translated by Benjamin Jowett THE INTRODUCTION THE Republic of Plato is the longest of his works with the exception of the Laws, and is certainly the greatest of them. There are nearer approaches to modern metaphysics in the Philebus and2 See Plato and Heidegger, p. 25-28, p. 267-269, and “And the Rest is Sigetik : Silencing Logic and D ; 8 Kim’s discussion of the Sophist lectures completely ignores Heidegger’s sharp and persistent critique of Plato’s dialectic there in favor of what he considers the superior position of the Aristotelian nous without logos.Dialogue and Dialectic. The dialogue form in which Plato writes is more than a mere literary device; it is instead an expression of Plato’s understanding of the purpose and nature of philosophy. For Plato, philosophy is a process of constant questioning, and questioning necessarily takes the form of dialogue.David Macintosh explains Plato’s Theory of Forms or Ideas. For the non-philosopher, Plato’s Theory of Forms can seem difficult to grasp. If we can place this theory into its historical and cultural context perhaps it will begin to make a little more sense. Plato was born somewhere in 428-427 B.C., possibly in Athens, at a time when Athenian ...The ‘Dialectical School’ denotes a group of early Hellenistic philosophers that were loosely connected by philosophizing in the — Socratic — tradition of Eubulides of Miletus and by their interest in logical paradoxes, propositional logic and dialectical expertise. Its two best-known members, Diodorus Cronus and Philo the Logician, made ...١٩‏/١١‏/٢٠١٨ ... In the Timaeus, Plato describes a “likely story” as to how the world was created, leveraging again reason (logos) and dialectic, and heavy use ... ….

In a crucial passage in the Republic (454a1-8) found within a discussion of women’s role in the ideal polis, division of eidē is identified as necessary for dialectic. A careful consideration of the way division is described in this passage reveals that it resembles the procedure of division described in the Phaedrus and the Sophist and that …Plato proposes a concrete sequence of mathematical studies, ending with harmonics, that would prepare future rulers to engage in dialectic, whose task is to say of each thing what it is—i.e., to specify its nature by giving a real, rather than merely lexical, definition. The dialogue concludes with a myth concerning the fate of souls after death.Plato and Aristotle were not the only Greek thinkers interested in dialectic (see entry on the dialectical school). Later authors continued to discuss the concept of dialectic, even if it acquired different meanings for different authors and traditions (see entry on ancient logic). The Stoics are particularly worth mentioning, as they are ...Sep 16, 2003 · Plato’s Ethics: An Overview. Like most other ancient philosophers, Plato maintains a virtue-based eudaemonistic conception of ethics. That is to say, happiness or well-being ( eudaimonia) is the highest aim of moral thought and conduct, and the virtues ( aretê : ‘excellence’) are the dispositions/skills needed to attain it. Plato outlines Philosophy as a discipline that surpasses other genres, like poetry and rhetoric, and suggests that they must be transformed and oriented towards objectivism, and dialectic would be a parameter in which refutation (ἔλεγχος) is of central importance. This paper examines this aspect in the Euthydemus, considering the figure ...Dialectic Term Analysis. Dialectic is the teaching method Socrates uses throughout Plato’s dialogues. It’s used throughout much of Phaedrus, as Socrates asks Phaedrus questions about the nature of various subjects like love, speech, and writing. The goal of dialectic is not to impart knowledge, but to create wisdom in the soul of both ...Plato's Republic THE REPUBLIC by Plato (360 B.C.) translated by Benjamin Jowett THE INTRODUCTION THE Republic of Plato is the longest of his works with the exception of the Laws, and is certainly the greatest of them. There are nearer approaches to modern metaphysics in the Philebus andPlato is not, therefore, a rationalist who thinks knowledge is a priori; and this even though, famously, he denies that Forms can be directly perceived by the senses. In considering Plato’s account of dialectic in the Republic, I conclude that this remarkable consequence is confirmed in that account. Plato dialectic, conclusion that, for Plato, dialectic is a mere province of rhetoric. Socrates is straightforward on . that point: in any true quest for truth through questions and answers, public opinion must be ..., Book 7. Version Date: 11 January 2023. Persons in the dialogue: Socrates, Glaucon, Adeimantus, Polemarchus, Cephalus, Thrasymachus, Cleitophon, and others. 514A “Now,” I said, “after this you should compare our nature, in respect of education and lack of education, to a condition such as the following. Behold men in a sort of underground ..., Plato's Euthyphro is a dialogue between Socrates and the young, self-proclaimed 'prophet' Euthyphro outside the court in Athens just before Socrates is to go to trial in 399 BCE. Socrates is there to answer charges brought against him, while Euthyphro has arrived to bring a case against his father. As Socrates has been charged by the Athenians ..., ٣١‏/٠٥‏/٢٠١٨ ... Plato's Family of Dialectical Methods. In this paper I argue that Plato's Parmenides contains a unique but overlooked method for testing first ..., The term "dialectic" owes much of its prestige to its role in the philosophies of Socrates and Plato, in the Greek Classical period (5th to 4th centuries BC). Aristotle said that it was the pre-Socratic philosopher Zeno of Elea who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are examples of the Socratic dialectical method., The task of philosophy, for Plato, is to discover through reason (“dialectic”) the nature of the Forms, the only true reality, and their interrelations, culminating in an understanding of the most fundamental Form, the …, The notion of 'dialectic' is prominent in the work of Aristotle's teacher, Plato; Plato often labels his philosophical method, or certain parts of it, as dialectic. In his dialogue Gorgias (see §4 of Plato: rhetoric and poetry ), dialectic seems to be strictly opposed to rhetoric, the former aiming at the disclosure of truth, the latter ..., Plato - Forms, Perfection, Exemplars: According to a view that some scholars have attributed to Plato’s middle dialogues, participation is imitation or resemblance. Each form is approximated by the sensible particulars that display the property in question. Thus, Achilles and Helen are imperfect imitations of the Beautiful, which itself is maximally beautiful. On this interpretation, the ..., Yet writers of philosophical dialogue, except Plato, commonly leave one feeling that they would have served their purpose better by straight exposition, or by some sort of Cartesian meditation if they wished to capture benevolence with something a little more human and intimate. ... Humor, Dialectic, and Human Nature in Plato. Edward C. Halper ..., Plato - Dialectic, Philosophy, Ideas: Plato uses the term dialectic throughout his works to refer to whatever method he happens to be recommending as the vehicle of philosophy. The term, from dialegesthai, meaning to converse or talk through, gives insight into his core conception of the project., In the Republic, Plato applies the dialectical method to the concept of justice. In response to a proposal by Cephalus that “justice” means the same as “honesty in word and deed,” Socrates points out that, under some conditions, it is just not to tell the truth or to repay debts. Suppose one borrows a weapon from a person who later ..., Plato - Dialectic, Philosophy, Ideas: Plato uses the term dialectic throughout his works to refer to whatever method he happens to be recommending as the vehicle of philosophy. The term, from dialegesthai, meaning to converse or talk through, gives insight into his core conception of the project., Plato's Euthyphro is a dialogue between Socrates and the young, self-proclaimed 'prophet' Euthyphro outside the court in Athens just before Socrates is to go to trial in 399 BCE. Socrates is there to answer charges brought against him, while Euthyphro has arrived to bring a case against his father. As Socrates has been charged by the Athenians ..., Plato sharply contrasts Socrates’ dialectical manner of argumentation to the rhetorical way of using arguments. The upshot of this contrast seems to be clear: the dialectical use of arguments is epistemically valuable, while the rhetorical use is epistemically..., The task of philosophy, for Plato, is to discover through reason (" dialectic ") the nature of the Forms, the only true reality, and their interrelations, culminating in an understanding of the most fundamental Form, the Good or the One., Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason is thus as well known for what it rejects as for what it defends. Thus, in the Dialectic, Kant turns his attention to the central disciplines of traditional, rationalist, metaphysics — rational psychology, rational cosmology, and rational theology. Kant aims to reveal the errors that plague each of these ..., In Plato: Dialectic of Plato …an unhypothetical first principle (the Good) and then derive other results in light of it. Since this part of the dialogue is merely a programmatic sketch, however, no actual examples of the activity are provided, and indeed some readers have wondered whether it is really possible. Read More, Alternatively, dialectic considers the art of conversati. top of page. This site was designed with the .com. website builder. Create your website today. Start Now. CALL US: 123-456-7890 . THE ANIMAL + CLINIC VET SERVICE. HOME. OUR SERVICES. ABOUT OUR CLINIC. KEEP IN TOUCH. BOOK NOW. Blog. More, Heraclitus 3. Plato's Theory of Forms or Ideas PLATO'S DESCRIPTIVE SOCIOLOGY 4. Change and ... the theory of the soul, and the design of an ideal city. His dialectic is a type of knowledge, ..., Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who produced works of unparalleled influence. Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher who produced works of unparalleled influence. ... Dialectic. The theory of forms. Linguistic and philosophical background; Forms as perfect exemplars; Forms as genera and species; Works individually described. Early dialogues;, Plato on Rhetoric and Poetry. First published Mon Dec 22, 2003; substantive revision Wed Feb 12, 2020. Plato’s discussions of rhetoric and poetry are both extensive and influential. As in so many other cases, he sets the agenda for the subsequent tradition. And yet understanding his remarks about each of these topics—rhetoric and poetry ..., Students of Plato and other ancient philosophers divide philosophy into three parts: Ethics, Epistemology and Metaphysics. While generally accurate and certainly useful for pedagogical purposes, no rigid boundary separates the parts. Ethics, for example, concerns how one ought to live and focuses on pleasure, virtue, and happiness., Plato, Ancient Greek Philosophy, Walter Benjamin, Immanuel Kant, Contemporary Philosophy, Mimesis, and 7 more Ancient Greek Philosophy / Aristotle, Plato's Cratylus, Plato's Late Dialectic Sophist Metaphysics Predication, Metaphysics, Philosophy Of Language, Ancient Philosophy, and Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, The anti-dialectic stance is very strong in the field of Bakhtin studies in which a dialogical approach has been developed. The representatives of the anti-dialectic ‘camp’ focus mainly on ISSN: 2325-3290 ... Plato's dialogues, the first written dialogical accounts in human history were formed in the context of, In the Sophist, Plato says that dialectic – division and collection according to kinds – is the knowledge possessed by the free man or philosopher (Sophist, 253c). Here Plato reintroduces the difference between true and false rhetoric, alluded to in the Phaedrus , according to which the former presupposes the capacity to see the one in the many ( …, Kevin Corrigan and Elena Glazov-Corrigan, Plato's Dialectic at Play: Argument, Structure, and Myth in Plato's Symposium, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004, 266pp, $55.00 (hbk), ISBN 0271024623., Feb 3, 2023 · In Plato, dialectics is a type of knowledge (Plato and Jowett 1991, bk. VI), with an ontological and metaphysical role, which is reached by confronting several positions to overcome opinion ( doxa ... , The "dialectical method" (ἡ διαλεκτικὴ μέθοδος)was used by Plato in his dialogues as the central tool for philosophical inquiry; see Rep, 533c and see e.g. : Richard Robinson, Plato’s Earlier Dialectic, Clarendon Press (1941). For Aristotle, Dialectical arguments are different from demonstrations in :, 1. Plato’s foremost contribution to education was: a. Teaching royalty the proper way to dress. b. Use of the dialectic method. c. Use of the didactic method. d. Writing about Socrates life. 2. An example of the dialectic method is: a. Asking students what they know about widgets. b. Telling student about how a widget works , The notion of ‘dialectic’ is prominent in the work of Aristotle’s teacher, Plato; Plato often labels his philosophical method, or certain parts of it, as dialectic. In his dialogue Gorgias (see §4 of Plato: rhetoric and poetry ), dialectic seems to be strictly opposed to rhetoric, the former aiming at the disclosure of truth, the latter allegedly …, Plato: Parmenides in Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy. Keywords. Aristotle dialectic first principles Aristotle's Topics Aristotle's Analytics Plato Plato's Parmenides Plato's Sophist. DOI. 10.1353/hph.2020.0047. Analytics. Added to PP 2019-06-19 Downloads 584 (#18,454) 6 months 90 (#16,776), Dialectic is the name Plato gives to his method, to the highest form of thought. In dialectic one examines one's assumptions, one's basic concepts, and one arrives at better assumptions and concepts. It is perfectly possible, for Plato, that one would not, for the moment, examine one's concepts. One might simply be using them, keeping them ..., Rhetoric in the second half of the Phaedrus is practised by someone with knowledge, for the purposes of teaching (some form of didactic, or demonstrative, dialectic, which differs from at least Socrates' own practice in the Gorgias, and, arguably, from the philosophy described in the Phaedrus' palinode).