Pre shared key

What is Pre-Shared Key? A TKIP passphrase used to protect your network traffic in WPA. A mechanism in Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)Personal that allows the use of manually entered keys or passwords to initiate WPA security. The PSK is entered on the access point or home wireless gateway and each PC that …

Pre shared key. Nov 29, 2011 · Router (config-keyring)# pre-shared-key address 10.2.3.5 key cisco Defines a preshared key to be used for IKE authentication. The address argument specifies the IP address of the remote peer. Step 5: pre-shared-key hostname hostname key key Example: Router (config-keyring)# pre-shared-key hostname mydomain.com key cisco

Feb 3, 2015 ... If you are using SonicWall's Global VPN Client, as mentioned in @yagmoth555's answer, you can find the Connections.rcf file at C:\Users\username ...

What Does Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key Mean? Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key or WPA-PSK is a system of encryption used to authenticate …The pre-shared key method of authentication enables a remote host to authenticate itself by providing a secret key, which is known to both hosts. This key is pre-configured by the administrator, and is used along with the Diffie-Hellman shared secret to derive cryptographic keys used to protect and authenticate data that …A Pre-Shared Key (PSK) is a string of characters (so basically a password) that various services, including VPNs, rely on as an authentication method. However, note that PSKs are not exactly secure …Wi-Fi protected access pre-shared key (WPA-PSK) refers to a mode of Wi-Fi security which is commonly used in home networks and small businesses without enterprise-level equipment. It’s designed to provide more robust security than WEP, the original Wi-Fi protection protocol. ‘Pre-shared key’ means that a passphrase, or shared key, is set ...WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access , and WPA2 Wi-Fi encryption use the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication method. When it comes to WPA, this approach is known as WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK. When used in …In today’s fast-paced digital world, collaboration is key. Whether you’re working on a team project, giving a presentation, or simply sharing ideas, it’s important to have a tool t...When Pre-shared Key (PSK) or WPA2-Enterprise authentication is selected a dropdown to enable 802.11w will appear under the Network Access section. 802.11w enables Protected Management Frames (PMF) for management frames such as authentication, de-authentication, association, disassociation, …

RFC 6617 Secure PSK Authentication for IKE June 2012 1. Introduction [ RFC5996] allows for authentication of the IKE peers using a pre- shared key. This exchange, though, is susceptible to dictionary attack and is therefore insecure when used with weak pre-shared keys, such as human-memorizable passwords.Transport Layer Security pre-shared key ciphersuites ( TLS-PSK) is a set of cryptographic protocols that provide secure communication based on pre-shared keys (PSKs). These …Pre-shared-key Authentication with Smart Defaults. This configuration is the simplest to set up. By using smart defaults, a VPN is created between two peers using minimal configuration: only the IKEv2 profile and corresponding IKEv2 keyring are required. Figure 7-1 illustrates the topology. The transport network is using IPv6, and the overlay ...The US and Canada share a Colorado mountain lair, 5,500 miles of border, and the NORAD defense system. As Donald Trump joins a hostile G7 meeting in Quebec City today, an old frien...Um L2TP in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 verwenden zu können, benötigen Sie eine Public Key-Infrastruktur (PKI), um Computerzertifikate für den VPN-Server (Virtual Private Network) und clients auszustellen, damit der IKE-Authentifizierungsprozess (Internet Key Exchange) ausgeführt werden kann.Pre-shared keys (PSK) are typically used to authenticate users in WiFi networks, or wireless LANs. With Intune, you can create a WiFi device configuration policy using a preshared key. To create the profile, use the Custom device profiles feature within Intune. This feature applies to: Android device administratorPre-Shared Key Encryption (symmetric) uses algorithms like Twofish, AES, or Blowfish, to create keys—AES currently being the most popular. All of these encryption algorithms fall into two types: stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers apply a cryptographic key and algorithm to each binary digit in a data stream, one bit at a time.

A pre-shared key is the secret, if someone intercepts it while you are sending it to a peer they have what they need to decrypt the communication. When you rotate public-private keys each peer generates a new private key and keeps it secret. Only the public key needs to be sent to the other peer (s). It isn't necessary to keep a public key ...In today’s fast-paced digital world, collaboration and productivity are key to the success of any organization. With the rise of remote work and global teams, finding efficient way... Key derivation is a cryptographic process that takes input and outputs a derived key. Key partitioning is the dividing of a key into a set of keys. The PMK is a 256-bit key created using a pre-shared or AAA key. The PTK is derived from the PMK with other attributes such as: Anonce; Snonce; AP MAC address; STA MAC address. Learn how to configure a site-to-site IPsec tunnel using pre-shared keys on pfSense software. Follow the steps to set up the phase 1 and phase 2 settings, and use …Hier kommt ins Feld „Pre Shared Key“ der Zugangsschlüssel für die VPN-Verbindung. Beenden Sie die Einstellungen mit „Save“. Nun starten Sie die VPN-Verbindung mit einen Klick auf ...The client begins by generating a private/public keypair for key exchange. Key ... In TLS 1.3 this "session resume" is done via the more flexible PSK (pre-shared keys) mechanism, so this field is no longer needed for that purpose. Instead, a non-empty value in this field ...

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There are many things that may be difficult to share with your psychotherapist. But this is key to benefit from therapy. Here's how to be honest with a therapist and why it matters...Pilots have bad days just like the rest of us. The key difference is that we aren’t thousands of feet above the air, responsible for the lives of our passengers. When I was getting...Abstract. This document specifies three sets of new ciphersuites for the. Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to support authentication. based on pre-shared keys (PSKs). …Dec 6, 2023 ... With the intention of taking all the devices from single SSID per VLAN and migrating them to the single SSID with PSK model for that same VLAN.I see that the key is stored in Control Panel\Network and Internet\Network Connections > right-click properties of VPN > Security > advanced settings but I can't see it (just *****). windows-10; vpn; powershell; Share. Improve this question. Follow edited Feb 3, 2021 at 17:12. Adrian ...Pre-Shared Key. Use a strong key, at least 10 characters in length containing a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols. Enter a custom key or click Generate new Pre-Shared Key to automatically populate the field with a random long string suitable for use as a Pre-Shared Key. Warning . This is the most important setting to get …

L2TP/IPsec with pre-shared key; Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) If you selected the ‘L2TP/IPsec with pre-shared key’ protocol, you might see another field where you need to enter the ‘Pre-shared key’. Type of sign-in info: Next, use the ‘Type of sign-in info’ drop-down menu to choose an authentication …Ein Pre-shared Key (PSK) ist ein bereits im Vorfeld ausgetauschter Schlüssel für eine symmetrische Verschlüsselung. …In today’s digital age, where information is constantly being shared and accessed online, ensuring the security of your network is of utmost importance. One way to protect your net...Eine beliebte Alternative zum Pre-Shared Key ist die Installation einer umfassenden Sicherheitsarchitektur (z.B. 802.1x) auf jedem Benutzergerät, die Informationen wie eindeutige Zertifikate oder einen WPA-Supplicant erfordert.Die Bereitstellung solcher Systeme setzt allerdings umfassende technische Kenntnisse und …It’s no secret that pre-shared keys are insecure, especially compared to digital certificates. However, with many services being moved to the cloud, fewer and fewer resources are being stored in-network. Shared files aren’t stored on an intranet these days, they’re in the cloud. New software runs on cloud-based servers, not on dusty racks ...To do this, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Routing and Remote Access. Right-click the server that you will configure with the preshared key, and then click Properties. Click Security. Click to select the Allow Custom IPSec Policy for L2TP connection check box. In the Preshared key box, type the preshared key value.Apr 9, 2022 · The Fallback Key feature establishes an MKA session with the pre-shared fallback key whenever the primary pre-shared key (PSK) fails to establish a session because of key mismatch. This feature prevents downtime and ensures traffic hitless scenario during CAK mismatch (primary PSK) between the peers. In the configuration file these pre- shared keys are encoded. The encoding consists of encrypting the password with a fixed key using DES (AES in FIPS mode) and then Base64 encoding the result." 50839In the configuration file these pre- shared keys are encoded. The encoding consists of encrypting the password with a fixed key using DES (AES in FIPS mode) and then Base64 encoding the result." 54758

The pre-shared key is merely used for authentication, not for encryption! IPsec tunnels rely on the ISAKMP/IKE protocols to exchange the keys for encryption, etc. But before IKE can work, both peers need to authenticate each other (mutual authentication). This is the only part in which the PSKs are used ( RFC …

Apr 7, 2021 ... Hello, a need to configure VPN client with the following parameters, ip adress user/pass PKK ( pre-shared key) I was trying to use ...Dec 26, 2023 · To do this, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Routing and Remote Access. Right-click the server that you will configure with the preshared key, and then click Properties. Click Security. Click to select the Allow Custom IPSec Policy for L2TP connection check box. In the Preshared key box, type the preshared key value. Session resumption was added to TLS 1.0 as an afterthought. In TLS 1.3, the key exchange protocol has been revamped, and session resumption is now merged with pre-shared keys. The same principles apply: a web browser would only ever use PSK as a way to resume a session that was started with asymmetric cryptography, whereas tiny …To create a pre-shared key (PSK) for OpenVPN, you can use the openvpn --genkey --secret command-line tool. Here’s an example of how to generate a PSK using OpenVPN: Open a terminal or command prompt on your computer. Run the following command: shell. openvpn --genkey --secret psk.key. This command generates a …Hi, Due to security restrictions I can only get a private key on a certain pc. I saved the trace and pre-shared key so I could look at it on my laptop however, when I configure the SSL preferences to use this key I can see in the SSL debug file that the traffic is being decrypted but in wireshark itself it is still showing the encrypted traffic.OpenVPN mit Pre-shared Key. Hauptseite > Server-Software > Linux. OpenVPN ist eine Software zum Einrichten eines Virtual Private Networks ( VPN) über eine verschlüsselte TLS-Verbindung. Dieser Artikel zeigt, wie ein einfaches VPN unter Ubuntu 12.04 LTS mit einem statischen Schlüssel (Pre-shared Key) eingerichtet wird.pre-shared key muss durch den tatsächlich verwendeten pre-shared key ersetzt werden. Je nach Konfiguration von WPA/WPA2 können die Parameter variieren. Wenn man die Zeilen für proto, key_mgmt, pairwise und group nicht hinzufügt, werden Standardwerte gesetzt, die fast immer funktionieren.Troubleshoot pre-shared key mismatch. Hello. I tried to debug non-working VPN tunnel and suspect there is PSK mismatch. Fortigate doc says: "It is possible to identify a PSK mismatch using the following combination of CLI commands: diag debug app ike filter name "phase1-name".0. Punkte. 16. 15 Feb 2017. #1. Hallo, kurze Frage, ich habe eine neue Fritzbox und würde die Lan to Lan Kopplung gern von der alten übernehmen, jetzt bräuchte ich aber den Pre shared key, wie kann man sich den nochmal in der Fritzbox anzeigen lassen? Grüße Doc. Toggle signature. Router: Fritz 7490, 7590.Pre-shared keys (PSK) are typically used to authenticate users in WiFi networks, or wireless LANs. With Intune, you can create a WiFi device configuration policy using a preshared key. To create the profile, use the Custom device profiles feature within Intune. This feature applies to: Android device administrator

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A pre-shared key is a key that is used for symmetric encryption methods. In order to encrypt and decrypt data, the pre-shared keys must first be exchanged between …The pre-shared key is merely used for authentication, not for encryption! IPsec tunnels rely on the ISAKMP/IKE protocols to exchange the keys for encryption, etc. But before IKE can work, both peers need to authenticate each other (mutual authentication). This is the only part in which the PSKs are used ( RFC …The Pre-Shared-Key is combined using a PRF with Nonces, and a bunch of other values known to anyone else in the negotiation. The result is a value that can only be mutually attained by two parties if both parties started with the same values -- aka, the same pre-shared-key.Nov 19, 2016 · Pre-shared-key Authentication with Smart Defaults. This configuration is the simplest to set up. By using smart defaults, a VPN is created between two peers using minimal configuration: only the IKEv2 profile and corresponding IKEv2 keyring are required. Figure 7-1 illustrates the topology. The transport network is using IPv6, and the overlay ... Bir cümlede pre-shared key kullanım örnekleri ve çevirileri. Pre-shared key PSK. - Ön paylaşımlı anahtar PSK.RFC 6617 Secure PSK Authentication for IKE June 2012 1. Introduction [ RFC5996] allows for authentication of the IKE peers using a pre- shared key. This exchange, though, is susceptible to dictionary attack and is therefore insecure when used with weak pre-shared keys, such as human-memorizable passwords.A pre-shared key (PSK) is a secret authentication code or password that is shared between two or more parties in advance of communication. In the context of …When Pre-Shared-Key is used the Connectivity Association Key (CAK) is the same as the Pre-Shared-Key (PSK), both the CAK & the Connectivity Key Name (CKN) must be manually entered in the key chain. When a link comes up and after both peers agree that the CAK and the CKN are the same, the key …Den Pre-Shared-Key eingeben, ist einfach, wenn man ihn kennt. Wer mittels WLAN im Netzwerk z.B. dem Internet unterwegs ist, sollte das Netzwerk mit einem Schlüssel absichern. Dieser Schlüssel muss dem … To configure IPsec VPN authenticating a remote FortiGate peer with a pre-shared key in the GUI: Configure the HQ1 FortiGate. Enter a VPN name. For Template Type, select Site to Site. For Remote Device Type, select FortiGate. For NAT Configuration, select No NAT Between Sites. Click Next. Hier kommt ins Feld „Pre Shared Key“ der Zugangsschlüssel für die VPN-Verbindung. Beenden Sie die Einstellungen mit „Save“. Nun starten Sie die VPN-Verbindung mit einen Klick auf ...TLS 1.3 specify two pre-shared key exchange modes, which are psk_ke and psk_dhe_ke.The former is a non-ephemeral key exchange where the master secret is basically derived from the pre-shared key, the client random and the server random; whereas the latter is ephemeral and derives master secret from those same data plus the … ….

The Pre-Shared Key (sometimes called shared secret) is basically a form of password for your VPN gateway which is set up on your device. Configuring the Pre-Shared Key for a new VPN connection VPN Tracker provides setup guides for all major gateway manufacturers. In these setup guides, you will also find information on how to set up a secure ... FortiGate-to-FortiGate. Basic site-to-site VPN with pre-shared key. Site-to-site VPN with digital certificate. Site-to-site VPN with overlapping subnets. GRE over IPsec. Policy-based IPsec tunnel. FortiGate-to-third-party. IKEv2 IPsec site-to-site VPN to an AWS VPN gateway. IPsec VPN to Azure with virtual network gateway.Using the Encrypted Preshared Key feature, you can securely store plain text passwords in type 6 format in NVRAM using a command-line interface (CLI). Type 6 passwords are encrypted. Although the encrypted passwords can be seen or retrieved, it is difficult to decrypt them to find out the actual password. Use the key config-key command with the ...Starting a home business can be an exciting venture, but it also comes with its fair share of challenges. One of the key factors that can contribute to the success of a home busine...It’s no secret that pre-shared keys are insecure, especially compared to digital certificates. However, with many services being moved to the cloud, fewer and fewer resources are being stored in-network. Shared files aren’t stored on an intranet these days, they’re in the cloud. New software runs on cloud-based servers, not on dusty racks ...Using a pre-shared key is less secure than using certificates, especially if it is used alone, without requiring peer IDs or extended authentication (XAuth). There also needs to be a secure way to distribute the pre-shared key to the peers. If you use pre-shared key authentication alone, all remote peers and dialup clients must be configured with the …Pre-Shared Key. Use a strong key, at least 10 characters in length containing a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols. Enter a custom key or click Generate new Pre-Shared Key to automatically populate the field with a random long string suitable for use as a Pre-Shared Key. Warning . This is the most important setting to get …1. IPsec Tunnel Main Mode between DrayTek Routers (Client with Dynamic IP) VPN Server Setup 1. Go to VPN and Remote Access >>IPsec General Setup page and configure the General IPsec Pre-Shared Key. The Pre-Shared Key configured here will be used for authenticating all IPsec... 2. L2TP over IPsec from Windows 7 to Vigor Router.Preshared Keys. SUMMARY Use this information to understand the benefits of using preshared keys (PSKs) and the options for enabling and managing PSK in the Juniper Mist™ portal. Juniper APs support preshared key (PSK), which is a standard for secure-channel encryption that does not require an additional … Pre shared key, The exact location may vary depending on the router model and firmware. Select WPA-PSK as the security type: Look for the security options or security mode and choose WPA-PSK or WPA-Personal from the available options. Some routers may refer to it simply as WPA2 with a pre-shared key. Set the pre-shared key (passphrase): Enter a strong and ..., Cybersecurity expert Bert Kashyap says “Ultimately, WPA-PSK, WPA2-PSK, and pre-shared key approaches in general, have offered weak encryption and inevitable initialization issues.” Layer 2 Attacks. Layer 2 of the OSI model is the “Data Link Layer”, the layer that transfers data between adjacent nodes on a wide area network. , The pre-shared key method of authentication enables a remote host to authenticate itself by providing a secret key, which is known to both hosts. This key is pre-configured by the administrator, and is used along with the Diffie-Hellman shared secret to derive cryptographic keys used to protect and authenticate data that flows during the phase ..., Centene Corp. (CNC) is rallying, but don't chase its shares, writes technical analyst Bruce Kamich, who says there is resistance overhead for the stock of the health plan opera..., A pre-shared key is the default authentication option. A pre-shared key is a Site-to-Site VPN tunnel option that you can specify when you create a Site-to-Site VPN tunnel. A pre-shared key is a string that you enter when you configure your customer gateway device. If you do not specify a string, we auto-generate one for you., To configure IPsec VPN authenticating a remote FortiGate peer with a pre-shared key in the GUI: Configure the HQ1 FortiGate. Enter a VPN name. For Template Type, select Site to Site. For Remote Device Type, select FortiGate. For NAT Configuration, select No NAT Between Sites. Click Next. , This paper proposes a three-party authenticated lightweight quantum key distribution (TPALQKD) protocol. By utilizing a semi-honest third party (TP), the proposed protocol enables two lightweight participants to share a secret key without pre-share keys or establish any quantum channel between them. Compared with existing similar research, …, The Pre-Shared Key (sometimes called shared secret) is basically a form of password for your VPN gateway which is set up on your device. Configuring the Pre-Shared Key for a new VPN connection VPN Tracker provides setup guides for all major gateway manufacturers. In these setup guides, you will also find information on how to set up a secure ... , A pre-shared key is, by definition, pre-shared. The term for this is that it is distributed out-of-band. In other words, the protocol does not prescribe a mechanism for sharing the key. It could be done using a logically-separate key agreement protocol, or by being generated from a shared secret hardcoded in both devices, or over a wireless NFC ..., A pre-shared key is, to put it simply, a form of secret used to authenticate the participants in a secure communication circuit. Essentially a form of a password, this key is pre-established, 'shared' before the involved parties begin their exchange. This pre-shared key, which is known only to the communicating participants, is then utilized ..., Mar 18, 2024 · SSL handshakes involve exchanging several pieces of information, such as public keys, private keys, shared secrets, pre-master secrets, and master secrets. Let’s explore what happens between the key exchange and the data encryption and authentication. 2. SSL/TLS Handshake. A secure SSL/TLS connection gets established in multiple steps. , Can anyone explain to me what is pre_shared_key TLS extension and what is it relation with Session Ticket TLS extension because I observed that when the pre_shared_key extension is present in the TLS Client Hello message the Session Ticket extension is absent. ssl; https; tls-psk;, In today’s fast-paced digital world, collaboration is key. Whether you’re working on a team project, giving a presentation, or simply sharing ideas, it’s important to have a tool t..., First, \ (\textsf {HPKE}\) actually consists of 2 different KEM/DEM constructions. Moreover, each construction can also be instantiated with a pre-shared key ( \ ( psk \)) known to both sender and receiver, which is used in the key schedule \ (\textsf {KS}\) to derive the \ (\textsf {DEM}\) key. In total this gives rise to 4 different modes for ..., Welcome to the forums. The key from the Fortigate is hashed. No way to retrieve it (that I know of). 2 options come to mind: 1) If you need to move it to another FGT unit, you could copy the config section. That hash will be good on the next unit. 2) Just enter another. This is a pain if you have many users..., Mar 6, 2024 · A pre-shared key (PSK) is essentially a password or passphrase that is used to authenticate and secure a wireless network. It is a form of symmetric encryption, meaning that the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting data. , It’s no secret that pre-shared keys are insecure, especially compared to digital certificates. However, with many services being moved to the cloud, fewer and fewer resources are being stored in-network. Shared files aren’t stored on an intranet these days, they’re in the cloud. New software runs on cloud-based servers, not on dusty racks ..., Jul 2, 2021 · A WPA2 Pre-Shared Key uses keys that are 64 hexadecimal digits long. This method is commonly used on home networks. This method is commonly used on home networks. Many home routers interchange WPA2 PSK and WPA2 Personal mode—these refer to the same underlying technology. , By default, the TG862 is configured for a wireless connection using WPA-PSK encryption. If the Wi-Fi Security key has been changed in the TG862, it can be ..., The peer ID is IP address 2.2.2.2/24. # Create an IKE-based IPsec policy entry. Specify the policy name as map1 and set the sequence number to 10. # Specify remote IP address 2.2.2.2 for the IPsec tunnel. # Specify ACL 3101 to identify the traffic to be protected. # Specify IPsec transform set tran1 for the IPsec policy., In today’s fast-paced work environment, collaboration is key. With teams working remotely and across different time zones, sharing files has become a crucial aspect of productivity..., Pre-shared keys. A pre-shared secret, or pre-shared key (PSK), is a method of authentication. The secret, or key, is a character string agreed upon beforehand by both parties as the key for authenticating the session. It generates a hash such that each VPN endpoint can authenticate the other., Feb 3, 2015 ... If you are using SonicWall's Global VPN Client, as mentioned in @yagmoth555's answer, you can find the Connections.rcf file at C:\Users\username ..., Nov 19, 2016 · Pre-shared-key Authentication with Smart Defaults. This configuration is the simplest to set up. By using smart defaults, a VPN is created between two peers using minimal configuration: only the IKEv2 profile and corresponding IKEv2 keyring are required. Figure 7-1 illustrates the topology. The transport network is using IPv6, and the overlay ... , Spread the loveIn today’s digital age, Wi-Fi plays a crucial role in our daily lives. The technology has made it possible for us to work remotely, stream movies, and connect with friends and family from anywhere. However, with the convenience of Wi-Fi comes a risk of unauthorized access to your network. One way to secure your Wi-Fi network is by using a …, RFC 6617 Secure PSK Authentication for IKE June 2012 1. Introduction [ RFC5996] allows for authentication of the IKE peers using a pre- shared key. This exchange, though, is susceptible to dictionary attack and is therefore insecure when used with weak pre-shared keys, such as human-memorizable passwords., Mar 2, 2017 ... Hello, How is the Pre Shared Key kept secret during IPSEC Phase 1 exchange of the PSK? Thanks!, Centene Corp. (CNC) is rallying, but don't chase its shares, writes technical analyst Bruce Kamich, who says there is resistance overhead for the stock of the health plan opera..., In today’s fast-paced digital world, collaboration and productivity are key to the success of any organization. With the rise of remote work and global teams, finding efficient way..., Zyrober. PSK heißt Pre-Shared Key, also so wie "im voraus ausgetauschter Schlüssel". Das ist bei meiner Fritzbox damals aber die lange Nummer auf der Rückseite gewesen (der Wlanschlüssel eben). Zur Not kannst du die Fritzbox auch per Lan-Kabel an den PC hängen und in der Konfiguration nachschauen, falls du den mal geändert hast., What is Pre-Shared Key authentication? WEP, Wi-Fi Protected Access ( WPA ), and WPA2 Wi-Fi encryption use the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) authentication method. When it comes …, Ein Pre-shared Key (PSK) ist ein bereits im Vorfeld ausgetauschter Schlüssel für eine symmetrische Verschlüsselung. …, Jan 6, 2020 · The first, PSK, uses this shared-secret directly to derive all symmetric key material for the protocol. The latter two, RSA_PSK and DHE_PSK, only use the PSK in place of a standard digital certificate. TLS-PSK is used to refer to any of these three suites: PSK directly uses the pre-shared secret to derive the premaster secret, which itself is ...